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Message: <blockquote data-quote="Fishalt" data-source="post: 89313" data-attributes="member: 228">This is nonsense, I'm afraid. The vast majority of women executed for witchcraft were decidedly not upper class. In fact, the vast majority of witch hunts happened in poor rural areas. They tended to be peasant wives, often widowed. Keep in mind this was occurring at the burgeoning of industrialization, and many of these women were likely economic refugees in their own host nations:Federici (2018), Larner (1984) and Bange (2010) also stress the element of poverty in accused women. Female beggars (Bange, 2010), widowed women, wise women (Federici 2004, p.200), and folk healers including midwives (Larner, 1984) were especially at risk. What these women usually had in common, was that they were of old age and poor. Wise women and folk healers 24 were usually older women in rural communities, who had been around for long enough to have collected a wide knowledge on healing plants, conception, birth, birth control and even abortion (Federici, 2004). They posed a threat towards the Church’ ideology on fertility. In larger towns and cities, female beggars were more common. When they were found to be too “disturbing” in their begging, and especially when they were widowed, they risked being accused of witchery (Bange, 2010). If these women were deemed social outcasts, or had already been suspected of witchcraft, it was likely that they resorted to small, simple houses outside the town to not draw attention. However, this could increase suspicions of witchery (Borman, 2015, p.40).Monballyu (2015) collected the profiles of thirty-one people who were tried for witchcraft. I counted twenty-six women, the youngest being 40 years old, of whom fourteen were widowed. Fifteen of these women, of whom nine widows, were killed by burning them to death. The occupation of the women, or their (former) husbands’, were often not known. If they were known, it usually involved trade in fruit, milk, butter, or fish. Among the men, one, whose age was not known, was sent to jail with his wife, who was also accused of witchery. a 45-year-old man, who owned several houses, was burnt, just like his daughter, who was previously accused of witchery. A 52-year-old farmer was tried but not killed, and a baker of unknown age was burnt. A 58-year-old fruit seller was burnt. All but one man were married. In the Geneva trials between 1571 and 1572, thirty-five people were tried as a witch, for causing a plague epidemic. All accused witches or their spouses, whose occupation was known, were labourers and craftsmen (Monter, 1976)</blockquote>

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