Amazing what 0.04% of Carbon can do, eh?
The math is solid on this. And the re-radiation qualities of CO2 is known and measured.
So the Earth receives energy from the Sun and radiates heat back to space.
Incoming solar radiation (at the top of the atmosphere) ≈ 1,361 W/m² (solar constant).
After reflection and absorption (global average), we have 240 W/m² that re-radiated as infrared by Earth.
The natural greenhouse effect (mostly water vapor and CO₂) traps about 150 W/m² of the outgoing 240 W/m².
Since the industrial revolution, CO₂ has risen from ~280 ppm to ~420 ppm ≈ 2 W/m².
Across the entire surface of the Earth of ~510 million km² = 5.1 × 10¹⁴ m², thats 2 W/m² × 5.1 × 10¹⁴ m² = 1.02 × 10¹⁵ watts, or 1020 terawatts of extra heat energy trapped continuously.
How much energy is 1020 terrawatts? Its 510 million Hiroshima bombs per year or approx 16 bombs per second, every second of the year.
Its a tremendous amount of energy being trapped every year. The only real debate is how this extra cumulative energy will impact us.